Environmental Assessments Mandatory for Development Projects in Nepal Under EPA 2019

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Environmental Assessments Mandatory for Development Projects in Nepal Under EPA 2019

Environmental Assessments Mandatory for Development Projects in Nepal Under EPA 2019

By Ecosphere News Desk 2026-02-18 13:32:00

Kathmandu - Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) and Initial Environmental Examination (IEE) remain legally mandatory procedures for development projects in Nepal that may cause environmental and social impacts, as provisioned under the Environment Protection Act 2019 and the Environment Protection Rules 2020.
The current legal framework, which replaced the earlier 1997 environmental legislation, requires project developers to assess, predict, and propose mitigation measures for potential environmental and social consequences before implementation. The system is designed to integrate environmental safeguards into national development planning and ensure sustainable growth.
Two-Tier Assessment System
Under the 2020 Rules, projects are categorized based on the scale and level of risk they pose:
Initial Environmental Examination (IEE):
IEE is required for medium-scale or moderate-risk projects, as defined in Schedule 1 of the Environment Protection Rules 2020. These typically include smaller hydropower projects, road construction, and certain industrial operations. IEE reports are reviewed and approved by the concerned line ministry.
Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA):
EIA is mandatory for large-scale or high-risk projects listed in Schedule 2 of the Rules. These projects have the potential for significant environmental footprints and require comprehensive and in-depth analysis. EIA reports must be approved by the Ministry of Forests and Environment (MoFE).
Process and Requirements
Both IEE and EIA processes involve structured steps, including:
Project screening and scoping
Preparation and approval of Terms of Reference (ToR)
Detailed impact prediction and analysis
Public consultation and stakeholder engagement
Preparation of mitigation and environmental management plans
Developers are required to submit detailed reports outlining potential environmental and social impacts, along with concrete mitigation measures to minimize adverse effects.
Ongoing Challenges
Despite the legal provisions, implementation challenges persist. Environmental experts and stakeholders have raised concerns regarding:
Variable quality of assessment reports
Limited and sometimes procedural public participation
Weak monitoring and compliance mechanisms after project approval
Strengthening institutional capacity, ensuring meaningful public engagement, and improving post-approval monitoring remain critical to making the assessment system more effective.
As Nepal accelerates infrastructure expansion and industrial growth, effective implementation of EIA and IEE processes is increasingly seen as essential to balance development priorities with environmental protection and long-term sustainability.